电脑基础知识常识？英文双语对照

电脑的组成部分：

一、软件系统

软件系统包括：操作系统、应用软件等。应用软件中电脑行业的管理软件，IT电脑行业的发展必备利器，电脑行业的erp软件。

二、硬件系统

硬件系统包括：机箱（电源、硬盘、磁盘、 内存、主板、CPU－中央处理器、CPU风扇、光驱、声卡、网卡、显卡）、显示器、UPS（不间断电源供应系统）、键盘、鼠标等等（另可配有耳机、麦克风、音箱、打印机、摄像头等）。

家用电脑一般主板都有板载声卡、网卡，部分主板装有集成显卡。

1、CPU

CPU的英文全称是"Central Processor Unit"，翻译成中文就是“中央处理器单元”，它一条一条镀金的材料做的。它在PC机中的作用可以说相当于大脑在人体中的作用。所有的电脑程序都是由它来运行的。

注意：千万不要触碰cpu上的金属条，不然会导致接触不良，开不了机。

主板又叫Mother Board（母板）。它其实就是一块电路板， 上面密密麻麻都是各种电路。它可以说是PC机的神经系统，CPU、内存、显示卡、声卡等等都是直接安装在主板上的，而硬盘、软驱等部件也需要通过接线和主板连接。

2、主机

主机一般将放置在机箱中的电脑部件总称为"主机"。它是电脑的最主要组成部分，主板、CPU和硬盘等主要部件均在主机内。

3、内存

内存与磁盘等外部存储器相比较，内存是指CPU可以直接读取的内部存储器，主要是以芯片的形式出现。内存又叫做“主存储器”，简称"主存"。

一般见到的内存芯片是条状的，也叫"内存条"，它需要 插在主板上的内存槽中才能工作。还有一种内存叫作"高速缓存"，英文名是"Cache"，一般已经内置在CPU中或者主板上。

一般说一台机器的内存有多少兆，主要是指内存条的容量。可以在电脑刚开始启动时的画面中看到内存的容量显示，也可以在DOS系统中使用命令来查看内存容量，还可以在Windows系统中查看系统资源看到内存容量。

4、显示卡

显示卡是连接显示器和PC机主板的重要元件。它是插在主板上的扩展槽里的。它 主要负责把主机向显示器发出的显示信号转化为一般电信号，使得显示器能明白PC 机在让它干什么。

显示卡上也有存储器，叫做"显示内存"，它的多少将直接影响显示器的显示效果，比如清晰程度和色彩丰富程度等等。

5、显示器

显示器是电脑的输出设备之一，早期的显示器外形与电视机相似都是显像管的，即CRT显示器。现在的显示器大多是LCD或LED的。

6、磁盘和磁盘驱动器

磁盘是PC机的外部存储器之一，分为硬盘和软盘两种。 两者的共同之处在于都是使用磁介质来储存数据，所以叫"磁盘"。想要让PC机使用磁盘，必须将磁盘放置在特殊的装置中，也就是磁盘驱动器里。

硬盘的英文是Hard Disk，直译成中文就是“硬的盘子”。由于硬盘是内置在硬盘驱动器里的，所以一般就把硬盘和硬盘驱动器混为一谈了。

硬盘的外观大小一般是3.5英寸。硬盘的容量一般以M（兆）和G（1024兆）计算。平常见到的硬盘容量从几十兆（几十M）到几千兆（几G）都有。

平常所说的C盘、D盘，与真正的硬盘不完全是一回事。一个真正的硬盘术语叫作“物理硬盘”，可以在DOS操作系统中把一个物理硬盘分区，分为C盘、D盘、E盘等若干个“假硬盘”，术语叫作“逻辑硬盘”。

7、电脑电源和机箱

电脑当然要有电源了，不过电脑的电源可不能直接使用220伏的普通电压。电脑的电源内部有一个变压器，把普通的220V市电转变为电脑各部件所需的电压，比如 CPU 的工作电压，一般只有几伏。

为了安全起见，一般把电脑各部件（当然除了显示器）合理放置在机箱内部。机箱的外壳上有许多按钮，如电源启动按钮、RESET按钮（用于电脑的重新启动）等等。

机箱上还有一些指示灯，如电源指示灯在电脑工作时应该是亮的，硬盘指示灯在对硬盘进行操作时会闪烁等等。软驱和光驱在机箱前端可以直接使用。

8、扩展卡和扩展槽

当需要用电脑看VCD、听音乐时，就需要配置声卡了。声卡不是PC机的必备部件，它是PC机的一种功能扩展卡。

所谓扩展卡，就是指这种卡可以扩展PC机的功能，比如声卡可以使PC机发声、传真卡可以使PC机具备传真功能、网卡可以让您联入网络等等。

扩展卡是直接插在主板上专为扩展卡设计的扩展槽中的。显示卡其实也是一种扩展卡，因为从计算机的基本原理来说，“显示”实际是一种额外的功能，只是为了使计算机的工作过程能在人们的直接可视的监控之下。

虽然现在显示器已经是电脑的基本设备之一了，但由于习惯原因，显示卡仍然被视作一种扩展卡。当然，声卡、传真卡、网卡都是标准的扩展卡。

9、键盘和鼠标

键盘和鼠标是PC机的输入设备，当敲击键盘时，被敲击的键就向PC机的主板发送一个信号，并继续传送给CPU，由CPU来根据操作系统中的有关程序来确认按下的键将会引起什么反应。

比如在做文字处理时，如果没有启动汉字输入系统，敲击键盘上的英文字母会直接输入英文，敲击"a"键就会显示"a"。

而当启动汉字输入系统后，敲击键盘上的英文字母后，就不会直接输入英文，而先判断所敲入英文是否符合汉字输入方法中的规则，如果能够表达某个或某些汉字，就会输入汉字。反之则无法输入汉字。

又如在DOS系统中，同时按下"Ctrl"、"Alt"和"Del"将会使电脑重新启动。 而在Windows 95/98系统中就不会使电脑重新启动，而会弹出一个"关闭程序"的对话框。目前的键盘一般有101或106个键，有的键盘还有3个Windows 95功能键。

10、DVD/CD ROM

即数字通用光盘。DVD光驱指读取DVD光盘的设备。DVD盘片的容量为4.7GB，相当于CD－ROM光盘的七倍，可以存储133分钟电影，包含七个杜比数字化环绕音轨。

DVD盘片可分为：DVD－ROM、DVD－R（可一次写入）、DVD－RAM（可多次写入）和DVD－RW（读和重写）。目前的DVD光驱多采用EIDE接口能像CD－ROM光驱一样连接到IDEas、SATA或SICI接口上。

The component of computer:

One, software system

Software system includes: Operating system, application software. The administrative software of industry of the computer in application software, the evolution of IT computer industry is necessary edge tool, the Erp software of computer industry.

2, hardware system

Hardware system includes: Box (power source, hard disk, disk, memory, advocate board, CPU - card of central processor, CPU fan, CD driver, sound, net card, show clip) , monitor, UPS (the UPS supplies a system) , clavier, mouse is waited a moment (can deserve additionally to have earphone, .

Family expenses computer is general advocate board have board card recording sound, net card, part advocate board of compositive show clip.

1, CPU

The English full name of CPU is "Central Processor Unit" , translating Chinese is " the processor central is unit " , it an aureate material does. Its action in the PC can say to be equivalent to cerebrum the action in human body. All computer programs move by it.

Attention: Must not the metal on Cpu of lay a finger on, can bring about a contact otherwise undesirable, cannot leave machine.

Advocate board call Mother Board again (mother board) . It is a circuit board actually, above thickly dotted it is all sorts of circuit. It can say be a PC is neurological, CPU, memory, indication card, sound card is direct installation etc be in advocate board go up, and the component such as hard disk, soft drive also needs to be mixed through wiring advocate board join.

2, lead plane

Lead plane will place the computer component floorboard in box to be " of " lead plane commonly. It is the mainest component of computer, advocate board, the main part such as CPU and hard disk all is inside lead plane.

3, memory

Memory and memory of disk substandard ministry are compared, memory is to show CPU can read extraction in-house memory directly, basically be appear with the form of chip. Memory is called again " advocate memory " , abbreviation " advocate put " .

The memory chip that sees commonly is strip, also call " memory bar " , it needs to be inserted in advocate board the ability in the memory chamfer that go up works. Still a kind of memory calls cache of " high speed " , english name is "Cache" , general already inside buy is in CPU or advocate board on.

The memory that says a machine commonly has how many sign, basically be the capacity that points to memory bar. The size that memory can see in the picture when computer just began to start shows, also can use a command to examine memory capacity in DOS system, still can examine systematic natural resources to see memory capacity in Windows system.

4, indication card

Indication card is join monitor and PC advocate board important element. It is to be inserted in advocate board in the patulous chamfer that go up. The indication signal translate into that it basically is in charge of giving out lead plane to monitor is general telegraphic date, make monitor can clear the PC is in let it what do.

There also is memory on indication card, be called " to show memory " , its much major general affects the indication result of monitor directly, for instance clear degree and colour abound degree to wait a moment.

5, monitor

Monitor is one of output equipment of computer, inchoate monitor appearance and television likeness are picture tube, namely CRT monitor. Present monitor is LCD or LED mostly.

6, disk and disk drive

Disk is one of exterior memory of the PC, cent is hard disk and floppy disk two kinds. Both collective place depends on is to use magnetizing mediums to store data, call " disk " so. Want to let a PC use disk, must place disk in special unit, namely in disk drive.

The English of hard disk is Hard Disk, metaphrase becomes Chinese is " hard dish " . Because hard disk is inside buy is in in hard disk driver, mix hard disk commonly so confuse sth with sth else of hard disk driver.

The exterior size of hard disk is 3.5 inches commonly. The size of hard disk is average with M (million) with G (1024 million) computation. The hard disk size that sees usually from a few (a few M) to thousands of million (a few G) have.

The C that says usually dish, D dish, not as complete as true hard disk it is one and the same. A true hard disk term cries " physical hard disk " , can be in DOS operating system partition of hard disk of a physics, cent is C dish, D dish, E dish etc a certain number of " false hard disk " , term cries " logistic hard disk " .

7, computer power source and box

Computer should have power supply of course, the power source that does not cross computer but the common tension that cannot use 220 bend over directly. The power source interior of computer has a transformer, transform average 220V town report the voltage that for computer each component place needs, for instance the working voltage of CPU, have a few hot season only commonly.

For safe for the purpose of, general computer each component (of course besides monitor) reasonable place in box interior. There are a lot of buttons on the crust of box, if power source starts pushbutton, RESET pushbutton (those who be used at computer is new start) etc.

There still are a few indicator lights on box, if when computer works, power source indicator light should is bright, hard disk indicator light can twinkle when undertaking operating to hard disk etc. Soft drive and CD driver can be used directly in box front.

8, patulous card and patulous chamfer

See VCD with computer when need, when hearing music, configure card with respect to need. Sound blocks the essential component that is not a PC, a kind of function that it is a PC is patulous card.

Alleged and patulous card, show this kind blocks the function of OK and patulous PC namely, for instance acoustical card can make the PC phonates, fax card can make the PC has card of fax function, net to be able to let you couplet is waited a moment into the network.

Patulous card is to be inserted in directly advocate board in the patulous chamfer that goes up to be designed for patulous card only. Indication khaki fact also is a kind of patulous card, because of the fundamental from the computer for, "Show " actual it is a kind of additional function, it is to make the working process of the computer can be under the can inspect directly monitoring of people only.

Although monitor has been one of primary facility of computer now, but because be used to a reason, indication card still is inspected a kind of patulous card. Of course, acoustical card, fax card, net card is patulous card of the standard.

9, clavier and mouse

Clavier and mouse are the input equipment of the PC, when knock clavier, by the key of knock to the PC advocate board send a signal, continue to convey CPU, will affirm according to the concerned program in the operating system pressed key will cause what reaction by CPU.

When doing word processing for instance, if do not have system of the Chinese character input that start, the English letter on knock clavier can input English directly, knock "a" key can show "a" .

And after should starting system of Chinese character input, after the English letter on knock clavier, with respect to English of won't direct input, and the regulation in judging place to knock English to whether accord with method of Chinese character input first, if can be conveyed a certain or certain Chinese character, can input a Chinese character. Cannot input a Chinese character conversely.

If be in DOS system, press "Ctrl" , "Alt" and "Del" will make computer is started afresh at the same time. And won't make in Windows 95/98 system computer is started afresh, and can shoot the dialog box that gives a " to shut program " . Current clavier has 101 commonly or 106 bolt, some clavier still have function key of 3 Windows 95.

10, DVD/CD ROM

Namely the figure is current CD. DVD CD driver points to read the facility that takes DVD CD. DVD dish piece the capacity is 4.7GB, be equivalent to CD - the septuple of ROM CD, can store 133 minutes of films, include 7 prevent surround than digitlization phonic track.

DVD dish piece can divide for: DVD - ROM, DVD - R (can write) , DVD - RAM (can write for many times) with DVD - RW (read and rescript) . Current DVD CD driver uses EIDE interface to be able to resemble CD more - join arrives like ROM CD driver on IDEas, SATA or SICI interface.