古代祭祀文化常识？英文双语对照

祭祀文化

祭神

其意是城隍出府视察人间善恶，活动由当地会首每年轮流主办，请道士吹打念经，用八抬大轿将庙内的木头城隍（人偶像）抬出，前护后拥，鸣锣开道。蓼泉将人偶像送城西行宫，沙河送城东门外临时搭设的彩棚；板桥则将木偶城隍送西湾庙、北湾庙祭祀三天，尔后抬回放置原处。据说板桥堡子里的木头城隍爷把鞋也穿烂了，衣服穿破了。实际全是老鼠所为。

祭祖

原蓼泉县城在每年“立夏”前一日，要举行祭“风神”活动。其仪式放在夜晚举行。活动由县政府主办，地点在西门外草滩。白天请道士念经，傍晚由县长亲自出场主祭，由警察带上一个监狱在押的犯人。设堂焚香、叩拜、读祭文后，把犯人带到挖好的坑前，由“刽子手”持刀装模作样表示砍去犯人头颅，实际以猪头或羊头代替人头，抛入坑内掩埋，然后带犯人回监狱。其用意是以“活人”祭了风神，祈求“立夏”后再不要刮大风，祝愿当年的庄稼丰收。祭祖先。三月“清明”、七月十五为纪念祖先的日子（前已记述）。有些名门望族，在纪念先祖之日，在坟茔里要续族谱、家谱，有的要重立“族规”，如有的后人做了偷牛盗马的事，要在坟茔里进行惩处，有的棍打四十，有的要在坟茔罚跪儿个时辰，起到警诸后世的作用。

一些出门在外或远离家乡几年至数十年的人，回归故里，无论何时都要到坟上烧纸祭祀，谓之“谈先祭祖”。有些在外赚钱的富户，为荣光耀祖，显扬父母，不惜花费几百、几千辆银子，重修祖坟，重新安葬祖先，请满堂僧道超度亡灵，还要大宴宾客，其声势显赫，令乡邻羡叹。

祭拜孔子

农历八月二十七日为孔子诞辰日，各地学校（主要是中学或乡中心小学），儒绅聚集一起举行纪念活动。蓼泉、沙河在文昌宫或文庙举行，有的在“魁星楼”举行，多数在学校举行。设祭堂，供奉“大成至圣先师孔宣王”牌位，儒绅按长辈、晚辈秩序排列，依次焚香叩拜。由唱礼人宣读仪程：如秦乐、鸣炮、献供撰、读祭文、焚香、化表等。社会地位较高者被推为主祭人，主持祭祀活动，其费用一般由民众分摊，也有参加者负担的。

另外，农村各地还有祭龙王、祭土地神、祭灶神、祭财神等活动。还有各地寺、庙、祠、观的各种祭祀活动。其意都是为了祈祷平安，保佑一方，风调雨顺，或消灾灭病。另外还有木匠祭鲁班，铁匠祭老君，毡匠祭阴仙，买卖人祭财神的活动。还有油房、醋房、染房、皮匠、鞋匠、挂面匠等，都各祭有主，不一细说。

祭祀，涉及博大庞杂的神灵体系，关联到祭祀文化的诸多元素。本文简要概述了祭祀的对象、祭品的种类及处理方式、祭祀的场所等要素。关键词：祭祀、神灵、祭品、场所。

祭祀就是按着一定的仪式，向神灵致敬和献礼，以恭敬的动作膜拜它，请它帮助人们达成靠人力难以实现的愿望。“受人钱财，替人消灾”，人们把这一人间的通则加于神灵身上，便成为祭祀的心理动因。所以，祭祀从本质上说，是对神灵的讨好与收买，是把人与人之间的求索酬报关系，推广到人与神之间而产生的活动。

Sacred culture

God of hold a memorial ceremony for

Its meaning is town god gives government office to inspect terrestrial good and evil, the activity turns around to be sponsorred every year by turns by place, ask recite scriptures of Taoism priest beat upon, with 8 carry greatly the wood town god inside litter general temple (person God) carry piece, after be being protected before, embrace, beat gongs to clear the way. Knotweed spring sends city westing palace person God, sha He sends a city east the decorated tent that set is built temporarily outside the door; Board bridge sends puppet town god on the west bay temple, boreal bay temple is sacred 3 days, carry thereafter time set former office. Allegedly board bridge fort child the father of wood town god in also wears the shoe rotted, the dress is worn-out. Actual it is mice place is completely.

Ancestor of hold a memorial ceremony for

County of former knotweed spring is in annual " the Beginning of Summer " before one day, should hold hold a memorial ceremony for " Aeolus " activity. Its ceremony is put in night to hold. The activity is sponsorred by prefectural government, the ground nods careless outside Ximen beach. Ask Taoism priest recite scriptures by day, come on the stage personally by the head of a county towards evening officiant, take the prisoner of be in prison of a jail by the police. Set hall cense, kowtow do obeisance to, after reading funeral oration, take prisoner to the front of digging good hole, by " executioner " hold a knife bumbling express to chop go making poll skull, replace poll actually with pig head or ovine head, cast the bury inside hole, take convict to answer a jail next. Its intention is with " living person " hold a memorial ceremony for Aeolus, invocatory " the Beginning of Summer " hind or else should blow fresh gale, wish in those days crop bumper harvest. Ancestor of hold a memorial ceremony for. In March " Pure Brightness " , July the 15 days to commemorate an ancestor (before already record and narrate) . Some house distinguished family, in souvenir Xian Zuzhi day, add pedigree of a clan, family tree wants in grave, some should stand again " a group of things with common features compasses " , if some later generations did the thing of horse of the pilfer that steal an ox, want to undertake penalizing in grave, some rods are hit 40, some should punish genuflect in grave time, arrive since alarm the action of all later ages.

A few go out outer or be far from home town a few years to come tens of year person, recursive native place, whenever should burn paper to grave sacred, call " talk first ancestor of hold a memorial ceremony for " . Some are outer those who make money is rich door, the brilliance that it is flourish ancestor, show raise parents, not hesitate expenditure hundreds of, thousands of silver, repair ancestral grave again, bury afresh ancestor, ask the soul of a deceased person of release souls from purgatory of path of full hall monk, guest of even great dinner, its impetus is celebrated, your countryside adjacent is admired sigh.

Hold a memorial ceremony for does obeisance to Confucius

The traditional Chinese calendar was confucius' birthday day on August 27, each district school (basically be middle school or country center elementary school) , confucianism gentry gathers to hold commemorative activity together. Knotweed spring, Sha He in Wenchang Gong Huowen temple is held, some is in " building of the four stars in the bowl of the Big Dipper " hold, majority is held in the school. Set hall of hold a memorial ceremony for, consecrate " become sacrosanctity greatly first Shi Kongxuan king " memorial tablet, confucianism gentry is arranged by order of elder, junior, ordinal cense kowtow do obeisance to. By Cheng of appearance of read out of the person that call a rite: Happy like the Qin Dynasty, cry prepare Chinese medicine by roasting it in a panbig gun, display for writing, read funeral oration, cense, change a watch to wait. Social class is higher person be pushed to give priority to person of hold a memorial ceremony for, direct sacred activity, its cost is average by people apportion, also have participant responsibility.

Additional, rural each district still has the activity such as mammon of kitchen god of gnome of the Dragon King of hold a memorial ceremony for, hold a memorial ceremony for, hold a memorial ceremony for, hold a memorial ceremony for. Still have all sorts of sacred activities of each district temple, temple, ancestral temple, view. Its meaning is to pray restful, bless one party, good weather for the crops, or disappear calamity destroys ill. Still have Lu Ban of carpenter hold a memorial ceremony for additionally, old gentleman of blacksmith hold a memorial ceremony for, celestial being of shade of felt artisan hold a memorial ceremony for, the activity of mammon of business person hold a memorial ceremony for. Still artisan of oily room, vinegar room, dyer, cobbler, shoemaker, fine dried noodles waits, differ dilatancy.

Sacred, involve the deities system of rich big numerous and jumbled, correlation arrives all multi-element of sacred culture. The article is brief the element such as the sort that summarized sacred object, oblation and processing means, sacred place. Keyword: Sacred, deities, oblation, place.

Sacred pressing certain ceremony namely, to deities greeting and tribute, the behavioral prostrate with respect it, ask it to help people reach the desire that relies on manpower to come true hard. "Get person money, calamity of the disappear that replace a person " , people imposes the general rule of this one world on deities body, become sacred psychology to because of,be moved. So, sacred from say substantially, it is the flattery to deities and bribe, it is a person and person between search requite concerns, promotion arrives between person and god and the activity of generation.