Adulteration

(noun.) the act of adulterating (especially the illicit substitution of one substance for another).

(noun.) being mixed with extraneous material; the product of adulterating.

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• Flour, terra alba, alum, and chalk are the chief ingredients used in the adulteration of cream of tartar. 威廉K.戴维. 智者、化学家和伟大医生的秘密.
• Both operations are unjuSt. But a simple augmentation is an injustice of open violence; whereas an adulteration is an injustice of treacherous fraud. 亚当·斯密. 国富论.
• The adulteration of the standard, on the contrary, has generally been a concealed operation. 亚当·斯密. 国富论.

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